Notes on Chapter 3 THE WAY OF A PILGRIM For Adult Study

In Preparation for the Discussion of Chapter Three of The Way of a Pilgrim

Chapter 3 of The Way of a Pilgrim consists of a short flashback of the life of the pilgrim before he learned the interior way of the “Jesus Prayer.”  It is told to the “spiritual father” at Irkutsk before the pilgrim carries out his plan to leave for Jerusalem.  The pilgrim relates that he endured a series of losses until he has nothing besides the desire to make a pilgrimage to Kiev to ask the saints to help him in his grief. 

 (Note: the page numbers in parenthesis refer to Helen Bacovcin, trans. The Way of a Pilgrim. New York: Image-Doubleday Books, 1978.)

Topics:

·         Contrast between pious grandfather (and pilgrim) and the impious brother (51)

·         The piety of trust in God, church attendance, prayer, Bible reading, memorial prayers

·         (Implicit) Not hating those who wrong us (52)

·         The imperfection of vocal prayer and prostrations without the understanding of interior prayer (53)

·         Sorrow and the consolation of the saints (53-55)

Synopsis

·         The pilgrim visits his spiritual father to thank him and announce that he was headed for Jerusalem (80)

·         He tells the story of his origins on request of the spiritual father. (50 ff.)

·         He recounts his birth and the death of his parents, leaving him with his older brother at the age of two. (21)

·         He recalls that his grandfather, an owner of an inn, took him to church often and read the Bible to him. (51)

·         He recalls that at the age of seven his brother pushed him off the hearth and he injured his left hand so severely that it withered and was useless. (51)

·         His grandfather taught him to read from the Bible and his clerk taught him to write. (51)

·         At age seventeen, his grandfather arranged for him to marry a “girl” of twenty (52).

·         His grandfather dies giving him, a thousand rubles, his whole inheritance, and last instructions (22)

·         Left out of his inheritance, his brother stole the money and burned down his house. The pilgrim (to be) and his wife are left with only the Bible (52)

·         The pilgrim builds a small house and lived with his wife for two years:  she did weaving, spinning, and sewing and he read the Bible to her (53)

·         His wife dies and he weeps uncontrollably (53)

·         He sells the house for twenty rubles, gave his clothes away and set out for Kiev to pray his respects to the saints and ask for help in grief.  (53-54)

·         He says that “God willing” he will leave his bones in Jerusalem (54)

Questions for Discussion

1.       Count the losses of the pilgrim in this short chapter.

2.      Count the gains of the pilgrim in this chapter

3.      Does this chapter express or imply any theology of suffering?

a.       Compare “Either because of my sinfulness or because I had to learn certain lessons about spiritual life, at the end of the summer there were trials in store for me. And “This was permitted so that you would not fall into spiritual complacency.” (18)

b.      What does it mean to say “God willing I will” (54) 

c.       See the proverb:  “Man proposes by God disposes.”  (55).

                                                              i.      What about human will? Is “God willing...” fatalism?

                                                            ii.      Is the acceptance of God’s will easier for peasants like the pilgrim than the rich and powerful?

4.      Describe the character of the pilgrim.

a.       How did the events of his life shape his character?

b.      Compare this chapter (Chapter 3) to the beginning of the book when the pilgrim hears the scripture about praying constantly. (3). 

                                                              i.      Is Chapter 3 necessary for us to understand the message of the book? 

                                                            ii.      What do we learn in Chapter 3 that helps us understand the book?

Excursus on Chapter 3

1.      This chapter raises the question of suffering and the purpose of God.

a.       The comment “This was permitted…” (18) reflects the Orthodox distinction between the intentional and permissive will of God.  See Father John Breck.

b.      In the ultimate sense, nothing exists or happens outside the will of God. Otherwise, we have dualism—the existence of a sovereign power that is equal to God.

                                                              i.      “In Him also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestined according to the purpose of Him who works all things according to the counsel of His will. (Ephesians 1:11)

c.       Orthodoxy holds that believe that suffering can have a purpose.

2.      The pilgrim’s guide is the Philokalia, a tradition of spirituality that teaches that suffering is necessary for spiritual growth in Christ.

a.       According to the Philokalia tradition, the spiritual life consists of the struggle of virtue against the passions

b.      The goal is perfection of holiness (righteousness) that leads to theosis

                                                              i.      “…since we were originally created by God as ‘very good’ (Genesis 1:31), we owe it to God to be such” (Philokalia: II 14).

                                                            ii.      The ultimate goal is theosis (restoration of the “image of God” and realization of the “likeness” to God.

c.       The struggle requires constant watchfulness (nepsis-guarding the heart, vigilance, against the passions) and the practice of “stillness” (hesychia-inner stillness of the heart; a state of openness to God and listening to him

                                                              i.       “He who gives himself to desires and sensual pleasures and lives according to the world’s way will be quickly caught in the nets of sin. And sin, once committed is like fire put to straw…” (Philokalia: II 15)

                                                            ii.      “You must purify your intellect completely through stillness… the more the intellect is stripped of the passions and purified through stillness, the greater the spiritual knowledge” (Philokalia: II 345)

                                                          iii.      …how it is impossible to conform to God without  complete stillness; how stillness gives birth to ascetic effort, ascetic effort to tears, tears to awe, awe to humility, humility to foresight, foresight to love; and how love restores the soul to health and makes it dispassiate, so that one then knows that one is not far from God” Philokalia: II 345

d.      The struggle is waged with prayer.

                                                              i.      “The Fathers define prayer as a spiritual weapon. Unless we are armed with it, we cannot engage in warfare but are carried off as prisoners to the enemy’s country: (Philokalia: II 15).

e.       Prayer that is pure requires the hesychist to “cleave to God with an upright heart” (Philokalia Volume II 15).

3.      Suffering instructs and corrects the hesychist which he regards as deserved “chastening”

a.       The scriptural basis: suffering is “chastening” (“instructive” and “corrective” discipline)

                                                              i.      ^”Ye have not yet resisted unto blood, striving against sin. ⁵And ye have forgotten the exhortation which speaketh unto you as unto children, My son, despise not thou the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when thou art rebuked of him: ⁶For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. ⁷If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons; for what son is he whom the father chasteneth not?  ⁸But if ye be without chastisement, whereof all are partakers, then are ye bastards, and not sons. ⁹Furthermore we have had fathers of our flesh which corrected us, and we gave them reverence: shall we not much rather be in subjection unto the Father of spirits, and live? ¹⁰For they verily for a few days chastened us after their own pleasure; but he for our profit, that we might be partakers of his holiness. ¹¹Now no chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but grievous: nevertheless afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of righteousness unto them which are exercised thereby. ¹²Wherefore lift up the hands which hang down, and the feeble knees; ¹³And make straight paths for your feet, lest that which is lame be turned out of the way; but let it rather be healed” (Hebrews 12:4-13)

b.      The teaching of the Philokalia: suffering is regarded as spiritual discipline 

                                                              i.      “As he advances through this humility toward divine and unfailing love, he accepts sufferings as though he deserved them. Indeed, he thinks he deserves more suffering that he encounters’ and he is glad that he has been granted some portion of the punishments which he has prepared for himself in the world to be” (Philokalia: III 85)

1.      Chastening is “instructive’ and “corrective” discipline.

2.      If instruction is not heeded, then corrective discipline follows.

3.      “Chastening” takes place in the struggle against sin.

                                                            ii.      “Chastening” is regarded as for the good of the hesychist

1.      “Those who love God are saved through the trial and temptations He allows them to undergo;, but despite such trials we are threatened with destruction because of our pride and fail to remain faithful to God, as children who are ‘chastened’ and not killed” (2 Cor. 6:9)” (Philokalia: Volume III 179)

4.      Suffering helps the hesychist to overcome sin and grow in the virtues of holiness.

a.       The scriptural basis: “As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten. Therefore be zealous and repent. Behold I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears My voice and opens the door, I will come in to him and dine with him and he with Me. To him who overcomes I will grant to set with me on My throne, as I also overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne” (Revelation 3:19-21

b.      The scriptural basis: “And not only that, but we also glory in tribulations, knowing that tribulation produces perseverance; ⁴ and perseverance, character; and character, hope. ⁵ Now hope does not disappoint, because the love of God has been poured out in our hearts by the Holy Spirit who was given to us” (Romans 5:3-15)

c.       The teaching of the Philokalia:

                                                              i.      Suffering teaches the soul to detach from material things.

1.      "Suffering cleanses the soul infected with the filth of sensual pleasure and detaches it completely from material things by showing it the penalty incurred as a result of its affection for them. This is why God in His justice allows the devil to afflict men with torments” (Maximus the Confessor)

                                                            ii.      Even involuntary suffering is to be welcomed for the lessons it gives.

1.      “In addition to voluntary suffering, you must accept that which comes against your will-- mean slander, material losses, and sickness, If you do not accept these but rebel against them, you are like someone who wants to eat his bread only with honey, never with salt” (Philokalia Volume 39)

                                                          iii.       Suffering tempers the soul so that it is “hardened” like a sword for the struggle against the passions.

1.      “Suffering deliberately embraced cannot free the soul totally from sin unless the soul is also tried in the fire of suffering that comes unchosen. For the soul is like a sword: if it does not go 'through fire and water' (Psalm 66:12, LXX) -- that is, by suffering deliberately embraced and suffering that comes unchosen -- it cannot but be shattered by the blows of fortune" (Philokalia Volume III- Ilias the Presbyter.).

5.      Suffering is useless without love (and accompanying virtues).

a.       The scriptural basis: love is the highest and all-encompassing virtue.

                                                              i.      “And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and thought I g9ve my body to be burned, but have not love, it profits me nothing.” (1 Cor. 13:3)

                                                            ii.      “And we have known and believed that the love that God has for us. God is love and he who abides in love abides in God and God in him” (1 John 4:16)

b.      The teaching of the Philokalia: unless it leads to love, endurance of hardship has no purpose.

                                                              i.      … this applies not only to prayer, but every labor and hardship undertaken for the sake of virtue, whether this be virginity, fasting, vigil, psalmody, service or any other work. If we do not see in ourselves the fruits of love, peace, joy, simplicity, humility, gentleness, guilelessness, faith, forbearance and kindliness, then we endure hardship to no purpose. We accept the hardship in order to reap the fruits.  If the fruits of love are in not in us, our labar is useless// … Thus the labors and hardships must be regarded as labors and hardships and the fruits as fruits” (Philokalia III 293-94).

c.       Metropolitan Anthony Bloom: suffering is redemptive only if it not only endured but undertaken in love.

The Unity of Christ and Religious Pluralism: Sermon for Pentecost 25

We live in a fragmented world.  Our society is divided into increasingly contentious factions. Often, even our own lives seem split into different pieces and we feel torn between competing responsibilities, relationships, and goals. Moreover, even Christianity appears hopelessly partitioned into separate denominations, each “doing its own thing.”

            In the midst of this divided life, all of us long for wholeness. We seek a way for all the parts and pieces of life to come together and fit together.  Without that sense of integration, the unity of all into a larger whole, we do not feel whole. There always seems to be something missing; something in that does not fit; something that is in conflict.  Thus, peace, harmony, and integrity seem always beyond our grasp.

This is not only a psychological problem. It has spiritual roots. The very essence of sin is separation. Adam and Eve were one with God and one another in the Garden.  But as soon as they disobeyed the Lord’s command, they knew the sense of deep separation that we their descendents know even today.

            The proof of this separation caused by sin was that they hid from God, their loving Creator.  Yet they were not only separated from the God of goodness. They were also separated from one another, and the proof of that division was that they started blaming one another for their sin. Therefore, as a result of their disobedience, the unity of the creation was broken.  Soon, even the parts of the creation itself were divided against each other.

Thus at its foundation, the division is a spiritual problem.  If this is the case, then the

only remedy for the deep sense of division that all human beings feel is salvation. To us who are Orthodox Christians, salvation means more than being pardoned for sins committed. Salvation means healing—the restoration of wholeness of all the parts of ourselves and our lives.

This idea of salvation as reconciliation is in keeping with what we heard in our epistle last Sunday.  We heard then that the Lord Jesus Christ came to earth to bring healing, that is, the wholeness of salvation to the human race. As the Apostle puts it by His death on the cross, the Lord broke down the “dividing wall” between human beings.  The result is that in Christ the divisions of the human race are healed: such divisions as the separation between God and man; Jew and Gentile; slave and free; male and female (Colossians 3:11a). 

 This means that the search for wholeness is over. As the Apostle says, “Christ is all and in all” (Colossians 3:11b).  The Lord Jesus Christ is now the foundation and source of unity in our lives—and ultimately the whole creation.

It is as if life were a jigsaw puzzle. All we have are pieces unless we find the one piece that makes all the others pieces fit together.  Or it is like a Roman Arch. At the top of the arch is a keystone.  This stone brings all the other stones of the arch together so that they bear the load as a unit.  Without the keystone, the whole arch falls apart.

In the same way, Christ is the organizing principle of everything in our lives.  In fact, He is the keystone of all creation. In Him, the separation of sin is reversed.  By His cross, sin is forgiven, separation is overcome, and all things come together in all things come together in the new reality of His reconciliation. Thus, the Apostle says in Colossians, “It pleased the Father…by Him to reconcile all things to Himself, by Him, whether things on earth or in heaven, having made pace by His blood of His cross” (Colossians 1:19a and 20)

The Church is the manifestation and proof of this unity of all things in Christ. For those who belong to the Church, the Body of Christ, all things fit together.  In the Church, everything comes together into a new and greater whole.  In the Church, the unity in Christ that He accomplished is realized on earth as in heaven.

What we have said brings us to the Epistle from Ephesians for today.   We hear in our Epistle that our calling as members of the Body of Christ is to strive actively and earnestly to maintain that unity that the Lord has established. 

Note that it is in not our power to create that unity. The Lord Jesus Christ has already achieved it.  However, it is for us to live our lives and relate to one another in such a way that we maintain the unity of what the Lord has established. That is, it is our calling to promote, preserve, and indeed advance the salvation of the world, the healing of sinful separation, and the reconciliation of divisions wherever they are found.

The implications of this calling go against the popular ideas of how to establish peace among human beings.  From the Tower of Babel onward, human beings have tried to overcome the divisions among peoples and to unify the human race into one harmonious community.  In the past, the great empires tried to do it.  Now another strategy is being tried. 

Today’s wisdom is that we should give up trying to achieve oneness among peoples: we should just affirm the differences between people.  This strategy is called “pluralism.” Pluralism would have it that all lifestyles, all moralities, and all religions are equal.  Whatever the way of life, morality, or spirituality that someone chooses is OK for him.  We have not right to criticize it or try to convince him to change it.  

Now this ideal of pluralism may sound good.  It makes those who have this view seem tolerant.  However, it means that there is really nothing that brings people together, nothing besides the will to overlook the differences and separations between people that are still there. 

            Let me be clear: this idea contracts the Orthodox faith.  We Orthodox firmly believe that the Orthodox is the true Church that exists in unbroken continuity with the Lord Jesus Christ and the apostles. Moreover, the Orthodox Church preserves the Holy Gospel unchanged and undivided.  That Gospel is that salvation is found in none other than Jesus Christ, for “there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved” (Acts 4:12).

            This means that as members of the Body of Christ, we cannot “maintain” the unity of our salvation by forfeiting our claim that in Christ all things come together as one.  Instead, in keeping with today’s Epistle, we hold, “There is one body, one spirit, one hope, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all” (Ephesians 4:6).

Note that this short passage contains seven “one’s.”  These “one’s” constitute the unity of the Church as the Body of Christ. All the members of the Body of share in this seven-fold oneness.  In fact, the Church is nothing more or less than the Holy Communion of those who share in this perfect and complete unity.

Let’s consider what it means to say that all these aspects of the Church are “one.” “One” means that there is no other.  There are not two, or three or four. Rather “one” indicates something that is singular, unique, and without equal.

Therefore, when we confess with the Apostle, “There is one body and one spirit… one hope, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all (Ephesians 4:4-6), we are saying that no other kind of these things exist but them.  

For example, to say that our Christian faith is one of many faiths does not agree with the sense of the idea of “one faith. If there are other so-called “faiths,” then these faiths cannot be the same as the “one faith” that stands alone and by itself as “one.” The other “faiths” cannot compare with the “one faith”-- that is, the “true faith.”

Yet there is another implication of the repetition of the word “one”  in this passage. The word “one” refers to something that is complete in and of itself. Thus, to say that faith, baptism, the spirit, and the Lord,  etc.  are “one” means that each one of them is whole and entirely sufficient in itself.

 For instance, once again, the Apostle is saying that the “one faith” that is ours in Christ is entirely sufficient for us. There is nothing lacking in it, nothing missing.  The same goes for the “one” body, spirit, hope, faith, baptism, and God the Father of us all.

If we accept other “faiths,” hopes, lords,” baptisms, and gods as equal to ours, then we are saying that they can add to what we have. What we have in the Orthodox Church is now somehow incomplete.

 If we accept these other things are equal, then what holds them all together?  If we believe that they are equal, then we should not be here. We should be out in the world somehow looking for the greater source and foundation of unity that would unite all the faiths of the world.

            I have tried to show that the basic popular ideas of religious and ethical pluralism go against the foundations of Orthodoxy.  It does so because Orthodoxy teaches that it exists to preserve the “fullness” of the Christian faith from the Lord Jesus Christ and the apostles.

            The Lord has given us a precious legacy. It is the answer to the fragmentation of our society and the divisions of our world.  What a loss it would be if we traded this heritage of the unity of our salvation in Christ for some cheap substitute.   The world’s pluralism is only a pretend unity; it can never really bring people together in something that they have in common. The wholeness that that we have in Christ that I have described offers a substantial, common ground in which all of every race and background can be united.

            The false unity of pluralism arises from the desire not to offend anyone, no matter what they may think or believe.  Yet we have a divine calling as members of the Body of Christ to maintain the unity that is ours in Christ.  We cannot do by surrendering the claims of the Orthodox Church.  If we accepted today’s pluralism, we would ignore the words of our epistle:

“There is one body and one Spirit, just as you were called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all (Ephesians 4:4-6).

            The claims that the Orthodox Church is the true Church that proclaims the true Gospel are not intolerant or outdated.  They are an expression of our Orthodox faith in Christ for our salvation, and not only our salvation but the salvation of the entire world. In defending these claims, we confess the true faith that is ours in Christ Jesus. And in striving to maintain that unity in the Church and in our lives, we safeguard and uphold the wholeness that the Lord established by His death and resurrection.